viernes, 22 de noviembre de 2013

THE LINGUISTICS

THE LINGUISTICS
1.  What does the title tell you that the movie is going to be about?

Taking in account the tittle of the movie, I thought it was related with a group of people who had study and knew many languages. People who could knew many cultures and could communicate in differents communities.


2. Base don what we have discussed in the class, what is the meaning or meanings of the Word LINGUISTIC?

  • Person who study linguistics / linguistics is the study of a language (sounds, syntax, lexis, semantics, pragmatics, discourse)
  • Person who know many languages
3. How can a language become dead?

In my opinion, in all communities there is an older person who is responsable for teaching the language and keep alive the customs and traditions of it. When that person die, other older person take the control of the community, changing rules and all traditions. In that case, people can stop to speak the language and forget it. For that reason, the language dies too.

4. What would happen if a language doesn’t exist anymore?

When representatives of a langage die, the language dies too, so with the passage of the time, people forget that in the human history existed it. For that reason, people don’t remember the traditions and customs of it.

DURING THE MOVIE

1. After watching the tráiler, what is the movie going to be about?

Movie is about a group of people who made a study of some unknown languages like a chulym, chemehuevi, kallawaya and sora. In that investigation, they spoke with some representatives persons of each languages, because with the passage of the time it had disappeared.

2. Fill in the following chart:

LANGUAGE
LOCATION
NUMBER OF SPEAKERS
WHY IS IT DISAPPEARIG?
Chulym
Siberia
9
Russin is the killer language
Sora
India
10

Kallawaya
Bolivia
3

Chemehuevi
Arizona
5






AFTER MOVIE ACTIVITIES

* Semantics: When Linguistics studied about the four languages, they found a lot of words with different meaning.

* Phonetics: When linguistics tried to identify the pronuntiation of some words. Correct pronuntiation.


* Phonology: When representatives of the language produced some sounds until complete a word.


* Syntax: Speakers did't have rules in order to make sentences. They only put together words until make a sentence. 


* Semantics: Is the study of language meaning, it was the intention that linguistics had in relation with that investigation, the language meaning of them. In all language there were a lot of words with different meanings too. 


* Sociolinguistics: the relationship between society and language, taking in account the four communities  has your own language and this language is unic in this place, people used this language to communicate with others and in every language people can use differnet words  to produce a meaning.


3. Answer ONE of the following questions:



  • Why should we care if Chulym or Chemehuevi or Kallawaya survive? Would you feel the same way if English or your native language were on the verge of extinction?

In my opinion, those languages are unknow by the world. Language which for many years communities achieved to communicate, transmitted their knowledge and kept alive their customs. If the language disappears, the same culture will disappear too and people will use it not anymore.
In the case of spanish or english, I think those languages are the most important in the world, there are many speakers of them and people every day teach more things about them, for that reason, I think is difficult people stop talking or using the same. 

Nowdays families have kept alive these languages ​​from generation to generation and today we find more number of foreign people wanting to learn English, and we hispanics speakers wanting to learn English.

martes, 15 de octubre de 2013

Sociolinguistics


1. A society is a group of people involved with each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations, and they can share throught the language.

Language is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics.

2. The same language can vary from one place to another because the same words have several different meanings. For example the word "arrecho", in Bogotá that word represents a person who is in need of love, in Santander that word represent a person with bad tempered, a angry person. If we talk with people of differents towns, the message isn't the same, information could be misinterpreted.

3. I think everrthing could affect the way we speak, the religion, the culture, the customs



martes, 8 de octubre de 2013

SYNTAX


Syntax: Is the study of sentences structure.

Grammar: Is the set of structural rules that governs the composition of clausesphrases and words in any given natural language.

Parse Tree: Is an ordered, rooted tree that represents the syntactic structure of a string according to some formal grammar.


Noun Phrase: A word group with a noun or pronoun as its head. It can divide in a noun, in determinant and/or complements. 

Verb Phrase:  Is a syntactic unit composed of at least one verb and the dependents of that verb ,objectscomplements and other modifiers, but not including the subject

Sentence: sentence is a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that are grammatically linked. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command or suggestion

Determiner: Is a word, phrase or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context.

Adjective: An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.

Adverb: An adverb is a word that changes or qualifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb, clause, sentence or any other word or phrase, except that it does not include the adjectives and determiners that directly modify nouns. 

Noun: A word or group of words that refers to a person, place, or thing or any syntactically similar word . 

Pronoun: One of a class of words that serves to replace a noun phrase that has already been or is about to be mentioned in the sentence or context.

Prepositional Phrase: A prepositional phrase is a structure consisting of a preposition and its object. Examples are `on the table' and `by the sea'. 

Auxiliary Verb: An auxiliary verb is a verb used to add functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it appears – for example, to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc. Auxiliary verbs usually accompany a main verb, the main verb providing the main semantic content of the clause in which it appears.

Verb: A verb is a word (part of speech) that in syntax conveys an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand). In many languages, verbs have a present tense, to indicate that an action is being carried out; a past tense, to indicate that an action has been done; and a future tense, to indicate that an action will be done.


2. 

SEMANTICS

1.  Define Semantics in linguistics (Don't forget to quote authors and also to use your voice).

Semantics is a branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of a word or sentence in a language and the relationship between them ,it studies how the meanings are constructed, changed and interpreted by speakers and listeners of a particular language.


http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/semantics.htm

2. Concepts:

*MEANING:is still whit us, carryng along a bewildering diversity of applications from centuries of general usage.

*CONCEPT: is spoken of as an entity within one’s head, a private entity, a product of the imagination that can be conveyed to others only by means of language.

*REFERENT: A referent is the concrete object or concept that is designated by a word or expression. A referent is an object, action, state, relationship, or attribute in the referential realm.

*GRAMMATICAL MEANING: the meaning expressed by an inflectional ending or some other grammatical device, as word order.  the meaning of a word that depends on its role in a sentence; varies with inflectional form

*LEXICAL MEANING: the meaning of a word in relation to the physical world or to abstract concepts, without reference to any sentence in which the word may occur.

*DENOTATIVE: able to denote; designative

*CONNOTATIVE: An idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing

*METAPHOR: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in "a sea of troubles"or "All the world's a stage" (Shakespeare).

*POLYSEMY: the existence of several meanings in a single word.

*CONTEXT:  The part of a text or statement that surrounds a particular word or passage and determines its meaning

martes, 10 de septiembre de 2013

MORPHOLOGY




1. Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words to define, identify and classify their units, the kinds of words that gives rise and the formation of new words. (http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-morphology.htm)


2. It is a study and description of word formation (as inflection, derivation, and compounding) in language. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/morphology)

3. Morphology is the study of word formation in a particular language. It focuses especially on the internal structure of the words and their alteration through the addition of prefixes and suffixes. (http://www.sltinfo.com/morphology.html).





                                                               
                  * FORMATION OF WORDS                    * STRUCTURE OF WORDS

                  * PREFIXES                                              * SUFFIXES

                  *FORM OF WORDS                                 * MORPHEME







Word
Definition
Example
Morpheme
the smallest unit of linguistic meaning.
un+system+atic+al+ly, this word can be analyzed into 5 separate morphemes
Free Morpheme
Morphemes which can be used as a word on its own (without the need for further elements, i.e, affixes)
girl, system, desire, hope, act, 
Bound Morpheme
 Morphemes which cannot occur on its own as an independent (or separate) word
inflectional (e.g.-s, est, -ing)and derivational (ful,like,ly,un
Prefix
Bound morphemes which occur only before other morphemes. 
uncover, undo, displeased, disconnect,predetermine
Suffix
Bound morphemes which occur following other morphemes.
singer, performer, typist,pianist,manly,friendly
Infix
Bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes. 
langoy-lumangoy, kain-kumain
Affix
(prefix, suffix, infix and circumfix) are all bound morphemes.
richer, intense, intensive, intensively,nation-national
Derivational Morpheme
Derivational morphemes derive a new word by being attached to root or stems
unhappy,impossible,recover
Inflectional Morpheme
Inflectional morphemes signal grammatical information such as number possesion and so on. They are called bound grammatical




Word
Number of Syllables
Number of Morphemes
Unlikely
                     3

                            3
Happiness
                     3

                            2     
Loves
                     1                             2
Morphology
                     4                            2
syntax
                     2                            1

martes, 27 de agosto de 2013

Phonectis and Phonology








PHONETICS
PHONOLOGY
It relates to the sounds of language
It studies how those sounds are put together to create meaning.
Phonemes, or units of sound that are used in all languages to create words, are the focus of the study of phonetics.

Phonology studies the rules in any given language that govern how those phonemes are combined to create meaningful words. 
Phonetics attempts to understand how each one of these phonemes is physically formed and produced by humans. These units can be categorized by how they are produced and whether they are voiced or voiceless.
Phonology is the study of how phonemes are put together and how they create meaning for the speaker of any given language.  Some phonemes may have slightly different meanings or uses in two different languages, and phonology is an attempt to understand these changes in meaning
The phonetic alphabet is a collection of symbols meant to represent the actual sound of each phoneme as it is pronounced in different situations. For example, a consonant may have two different symbols because it has two different ways of being pronounced depending on the word it is used in.
Phonology studies how the phonemes of a word can change over time and how this affects word meaning. Phonology also examines the patterns of how phonemes are used in a language
phonetics studies the production of sounds
Phonology studies the combination of sounds
Phonetics can be used to explore the sounds that are used in any language.
Phonology looks at only one language at a time.

Own definition:
·         Phonetics is the term for the description and classification of speech sounds, particularly how sounds are produced, transmitted and received.

·         Phonology is the study of the speech sounds used in a particular language or context.


http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-difference-between-phonetics-and-phonology.htm


2.





3. . Definitions:


* Phoneme: It is a unit of a sound in a specific language that distinguish one word for another.  
Example: 

                                                                                                                PAT



                                                          


                                                                                                 PAD  
                                                                                                   
                                             BAT 



BAD   
  


                                                                                                 





* A Consonant Cluster in a word is a group of consonants with no vowels between them, for example some words contain three or more consonants together.



Diagraph is a pair of characters used together to represent a single sound, such as "sh" in English



4. There are 20 vowel phonemes in English.




5. What is Word Stress:

In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables veryquietly.


Examples:


 TAble                               HAPpy                       geoGRAPHic                            
         






  reveLAtion          phoTOgraphy              CRItical

                   

             GREENhouse              underSTAND








THANKS !!