PSYCHOLINGUISTICS

Sociolinguistics

1. A society is a group of people involved with each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations, and they can share throught the language.

Language is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics.

2. The same language can vary from one place to another because the same words have several different meanings. For example the word "arrecho", in Bogotá that word represents a person who is in need of love, in Santander that word represent a person with bad tempered, a angry person. If we talk with people of differents towns, the message isn't the same, information could be misinterpreted.

3. I think everrthing could affect the way we speak, the religion, the culture, the customs

SYNTAX

Syntax: Is the study of sentences structure.

Grammar: Is the set of structural rules that governs the composition of clauses, phrases and words in any given natural language.

Parse Tree: Is an ordered, rooted tree that represents the syntactic structure of a string according to some formal grammar.

Noun Phrase: A word group with a noun or pronoun as its head. It can divide in a noun, in determinant and/or complements. 

Verb Phrase:  Is a syntactic unit composed of at least one verb and the dependents of that verb ,objects, complements and other modifiers, but not including the subject

Sentence: A sentence is a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that are grammatically linked. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command or suggestion

Determiner: Is a word, phrase or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context.

Adjective: An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.

Adverb: An adverb is a word that changes or qualifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb, clause, sentence or any other word or phrase, except that it does not include the adjectives and determiners that directly modify nouns. 

Noun: A word or group of words that refers to a person, place, or thing or any syntactically similar word . 

Pronoun: One of a class of words that serves to replace a noun phrase that has already been or is about to be mentioned in the sentence or context.

Prepositional Phrase: A prepositional phrase is a structure consisting of a preposition and its object. Examples are `on the table' and `by the sea'. 

Auxiliary Verb: An auxiliary verb is a verb used to add functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it appears – for example, to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc. Auxiliary verbs usually accompany a main verb, the main verb providing the main semantic content of the clause in which it appears.

Verb: A verb is a word (part of speech) that in syntax conveys an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand). In many languages, verbs have a present tense, to indicate that an action is being carried out; a past tense, to indicate that an action has been done; and a future tense, to indicate that an action will be done.

http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/

http://en.wikipedia.org

http://diccionario.reverso.net

2. 

SEMANTICS

1.  Define Semantics in linguistics (Don't forget to quote authors and also to use your voice).

Semantics is a branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of a word or sentence in a language and the relationship between them ,it studies how the meanings are constructed, changed and interpreted by speakers and listeners of a particular language.

http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/semantics.htm

2. Concepts:

*MEANING:is still whit us, carryng along a bewildering diversity of applications from centuries of general usage.

*CONCEPT: is spoken of as an entity within one’s head, a private entity, a product of the imagination that can be conveyed to others only by means of language.

*REFERENT: A referent is the concrete object or concept that is designated by a word or expression. A referent is an object, action, state, relationship, or attribute in the referential realm.

*GRAMMATICAL MEANING: the meaning expressed by an inflectional ending or some other grammatical device, as word order.  the meaning of a word that depends on its role in a sentence; varies with inflectional form

*LEXICAL MEANING: the meaning of a word in relation to the physical world or to abstract concepts, without reference to any sentence in which the word may occur.

*DENOTATIVE: able to denote; designative

*CONNOTATIVE: An idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing

*METAPHOR: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in "a sea of troubles"or "All the world's a stage" (Shakespeare).

*POLYSEMY: the existence of several meanings in a single word.

*CONTEXT:  The part of a text or statement that surrounds a particular word or passage and determines its meaning